ATC210512: Report of the Portfolio Committee on Transport on the 2020/21 Second and Third Quarter Expenditure of the Department of Transport, Dated 12 May 2021

Transport

REPORT OF THE PORTFOLIO COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT ON THE 2020/21 SECOND AND THIRD QUARTER EXPENDITURE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT, DATED 12 MAY 2021

 

The Portfolio Committee on Transport, having considered the expenditure of the Department of Transport for the Second and Third Quarter of the 2020/21 financial year, reports as follows:

 

1. INTRODUCTION

The prime mandate of the Committee is governed by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (“the Constitution”), in respect of its legislative and oversight responsibilities as public representatives. It is required to consider legislation referred to it and consider all matters referred to it in terms of the Constitution, the Rules of the National Assembly or resolutions of the House. It is also required to respond to matters referred to it by Government within its mandate. In addition, the Committee is entrusted with considering the budgets, Strategic Plans and Annual Performance Plans of the Department and entities that fall within the transport portfolio. This report provides an overview of the expenditure of the Department of Transport for the Second and Third Quarter of the 2020/21 financial year, as presented to the Committee on 3 March 2021.

 

2.   ANALYSIS OF THE 2020/21THIRD QUARTER EXPENDITURE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT

2.1        Introduction

 

In 2020/21, the main allocation of the Department of Transport (“the Department”) – prior to the delivery of the Supplementary Budget by the Minister of Finance, Tito Mboweni, on 24 June 2020 – stood at R62 billion.[1] However, the Supplementary Budget reduced its allocation to R57.4 billion. The Department spent R42.4 billion against a Third Quarter projection of R44.4 billion, i.e. R2 billion (or 4.5%) lower than projected for this period.

 

The lower than projected spending was mainly in transfers and subsidies in the Rail Transport, Civil Aviation and Public Transport programmes. In addition, there was lower than projected spending in goods and services in the Administration, Integrated Transport Planning, Civil Aviation Transport, as well as Public Transport programmes.[2]

 

The Department spent R353.7 million against the Third Quarter projection of R423.4 million for compensation of employees. Expenditure was R69.7 million (or 16.5%) lower than projected mainly due to the slow filling of vacant posts. The Department had 693 filled posts against a funded establishment of 855 posts by the end of the Third Quarter of 2020/21. This represented a vacancy rate of 18.9% (or 162 vacant posts).

 

2.2 Expenditure Per Programme

 

Table 1: 2020/21 Third Quarter Expenditure per Programme

Programme R’Million	Main Appro-priation	Adjusted Budget	Available Budget	Q3 Actual Expenditure	Expenditure as % of Available Budget	Q3 Projected Expenditure	Variance from Projected Expenditure	% Variance from Projected Expenditure	COVID-19 Spending
Admini-stration	491.8	469.8	469.8	248.6	52.9%	341.7	93.2	27.3%	2.2
Integrated Transport Planning	104.5	90.1	90.1	44.1	49%	72.4	28.3	39.1%	0.0
Rail Transport	13 195.2	9 599.4	9 599.4	6 959.0	72.5%	8 359.6	1 400.7	16.8%	0.0
Road Transport	33 816.7	31 471.1	31 471.1	27 436.8	87.2%	27 485.4	48.6	0.2%	0.0
Civil Aviation Transport	240.7	2 673.7	2 673.7	120.1	4.5%	160.1	39.9	24.9%	0.0
Maritime Transport	149.4	141.8	141.8	102.6	72.4%	118.7	16.2	13.6%	0.0
Public Transport	14 038.0	12 908.9	12 908.9	7 488.5	58%	7 874.3	385.9	4.9%	29.7
TOTAL	62 036.3	57 354.7	57 354.7	42 399.7	73.9%	44 412.4	2 012.7	4.5%	31.9

(Source: National Treasury, 2020)

 

2.3        Programme 1: Administration

 

The Department spent R248.6 million against a Third Quarter projection of R341.7 million in the Administration programme. The Department spent R93.2 million (or 27.3%) lower than projected mainly due to outstanding invoices for office accommodation, outstanding invoices for advertising mostly related to the 2020 Transport Month, less travel and subsistence, as a result of limited travel following the COVID-19 pandemic, and the slow filling of vacant posts.[3]

 

2.4        Programme 2: Integrated Transport Planning

 

In the Integrated Transport Planning programme, the Department spent R44.1 million against a Third Quarter projection of R72.4 million. This is R28.3 million (or 39.1%) lower than projected, mainly owing to delays in projects such as the regional corridor project and the national transport planning bank, over-budgeting for the national travel household survey, and the slow filling of vacant posts.[4]

 

2.5        Programme 3: Rail Transport

 

The Department spent R6.9 billion against a Third Quarter projection of R8.4 billion in the Rail Transport programme. This is R1.4 billion (or 16.8 %) lower than projected mainly due to:[5]

• The withholding of scheduled capital transfer payments to the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA) pending the approval of the second adjustments budget;
• The insourcing of activities related to the establishment of the rail economic regulator; and
•  Delays in the legislative process for the Railway Safety Bill.

 

2.6        Programme 4: Road Transport

 

In the Road Transport programme, the Department spent R27.4 billion against a Third Quarter projection of R27.5 billion. The Department spent R48.6 million (or 0.2%) lower than projected mainly due to delays in projects such as:[6]

• S’hamba Sonke;
• Automated profile measurements;
• Less travel and subsistence for conditional grant monitoring as a result of limited travel following the COVID-19 pandemic;
• The slow filling of vacant posts.

 

2.7        Programme 5: Civil Aviation Transport

 

The Department spent R120.1 million against a Third Quarter projection of R160.1 million in the Civil Aviation Transport programme. The Department spent R39.9 million (or 24.9%) lower than projected mainly thanks to:[7]

• Outstanding invoices for watch-keeping services;
• Outstanding membership fees invoices for the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Aviation Safety Organisation, Cospas-Sarsat[8] programme and the SADC: International Civil Aviation Organisation Mission,
• Delays in projects such as the Airports Company of South Africa (ACSA) and Air Traffic and Navigation Services (ATNS) pricing correction factor;
• The Aviation Safety Strategy; and
• The slow filling of vacant posts.

 

2.8        Programme 6: Maritime Transport

 

In the Maritime Transport programme, the Department spent R102.6 million against a Third Quarter projection of R118.7 million. The Department spent R16.2 million (or 13.6%) lower than projected mainly due to:[9]

• Delays in projects such as the feasibility study on tug boats;
• The review of the Merchant Shipping Bill; and
• Less travel and subsistence as a result of limited travel following the COVID-19 pandemic.

 

2.9        Programme 7: Public Transport

 

The Department spent R7.5 billion against a Third Quarter projection of R7.9 billion. The Department spent R385.9 million (or 4.9%) lower than projected mainly due to:[10]

• The withholding of the transfer payment of the Public Transport Network Grant (PTNG) to Mangaung and Rustenburg municipalities as result of non-compliance and the revision of the grant payment schedule for Johannesburg and Cape Town municipalities;
• Lower than expected demand on the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme;
• Delays in projects such as public transport grant monitoring;
• The implementation of the Shova Kalula bicycle project; and
• The slow filling of vacant posts.

 

2.10      COVID-19 Spending

 

As at the end of the Third Quarter of 2020/21, the Department had spent R31.9 million on COVID-19 related projects and business activities. The COVID-19 spending mostly pertained to the procurement of protective equipment, and other interventions within the Department. In addition, it comprised support to public transport operators in responding to the pandemic, and assistance to the Department of Basic Education with the procurement of disinfectants and sanitisers for scholar transport.[11]

 

3.Issues HIGHLIGHTED BY the committee

 

3.1        Delays in Spending on Goods and Services

 

The Department had spent R362.8 million against the Third Quarter projection of R626.1 million for goods and services. The Department spent R263.3 million (or 42.1%) lower than projected due to delays in various projects across programmes, outstanding invoices for office accommodation, advertising and watch-keeping services and less travel and subsistence thanks to limited travel following the COVID-19 pandemic.

 

By the end of the Third Quarter of 2020/21, the Department’s spending on its goods and services budget continued to be slow. This suggested that the Department was unable to recover and fast-track its spending, following the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic to its activities. Accordingly, the National Treasury advised the Department to put measures in place to fast-track its spending for the remainder of the financial year. [12]

 

3.2        Pattern of Underspending on Capacity for Public Transport Grant Monitoring

 

Since 2018/19, funds have been earmarked in the Department’s goods and services budget to strengthen its capacity to monitor pubic transport conditional grants. The Department did not spend the R30 million and R40 million allocated for this purpose in 2018/19 and 2019/20 respectively. In the current year (2020/21), an amount of R45 million has been earmarked for strengthening capacity to monitor public transport grants. The Department had spent R0 against the Third Quarter projection of R20 million. The Department spent R20 million (or 100%) lower than projected mainly due to procurement delays.[13] The National Treasury recommended that the Department put measures in place to remedy the pattern of underspending. 

 

3.3        The Slow Filling of Vacant Posts

 

By the end of the Third Quarter of 2020/21, the Department had spent lower than projected due to the slow filling of vacant posts in the following five programmes:

• Programme 1: Administration;
• Programme 2: Integrated Transport Planning;
• Programme 4: Road Transport;
• Programme 5: Civil Aviation Transport; and
• Programme 7: Public Transport.

 

           

1. ACHIEVEMENT AND NON-ACHIEVEMENT OF TARGETS

4.1        Overview of Targets Achieved First, Second and Third Quarters

Table 2: 2020/21 Quarterly Target Performance

Programme	Q1 Targets	Performance Level	Q2 Targets	Performance Level	Q3 Targets	Performance Level
Administration	6	0%	3	67%	6	100%
Integrated Transport Planning	4	75%	4	100%	4	75%
Rail Transport	4	100%	2	100%	6	100%
Road Transport	4	50%	8	75%	6	83%
Civil Aviation	4	75%	3	100%	1	100%
Maritime Transport	5	40%	8	75%	4	75%
Public Transport	8	25%	5	100%	5	100%
Total	35	46%	33	85%	32	91%

(Source: DoT Presentation dated 3 March 2021)

 

4.2        Second and Third Quarter Achievements

4.2.1 Second Quarter Achievements

4.2.1.1 Programme 1: Administration

Annual Performance Information and Financial Statements for the 2019/20 financial year submitted to the Office of the Auditor-General South Africa (AGSA) on the 31st July 2020. Draft Annual Report submitted to and audited by the AGSA.

 

Total of 166 bursaries currently being managed in the Department.

 

4.2.1.2 Programme 2: Integrated Transport Planning (ITP)

- Regulations for Autonomous Vehicle Technology: Assessment of legislative and policy environment on the autonomous vehicle technology conducted as targeted;

- Carbon Emission Transition Plan implemented: Literature Review exercise conducted on Electric Vehicle Regulations;

- National Household Travel Survey (NHTS): Report on data analysis developed for National Household Travel Survey;

- Regional Integration Strategy (RIS): Literature review conducted on the Regional Integration Strategy.

 

4.2.1.3 Programme 3: Rail Transport

- Private Sector Participation (PSP) Framework: Initial draft of the Private Sector Participation (PSP) Framework developed as targeted;

- High Speed Rail (HSR) Corridor Framework: Initial draft of the High-Speed Rail (HSR) Corridor Framework developed as targeted.

4.2.1.4 Programme 4: Road Transport

- National Road Safety Strategy (NRSS): Quarterly Analysis Report on the implementation of the National Road Safety Strategy developed as targeted;

- SANRAL Road Maintenance Programme: Analysis report on the maintenance of national roads compiled as targeted. Report covers status of projects and job opportunities created;

- S’hamba Sonke Provincial Road Maintenance Programme: Quarterly Analysis Report on the maintenance of provincial roads developed as targeted. Report covers status of projects and job opportunities created.

 

4.2.1.5 Programme 5: Civil Aviation

- Review of Regulations for Remotely-Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) monitored: As part of review process, the Civil Aviation Regulations Committee (CARCOM) has raised concerns around safety and security measures as a result of increased RPAS applications. Accordingly, there might be a need for a far-reaching inquiry, and this might affect finalisation of the review process;

- Memoranda of Agreement (MoA) between DoT and Academic Institutions: Consultative engagements conducted with Universities of Witwatersrand and Fort Hare on the review of existing MoAs to begin incorporating pertinent matters;

- Number of fatal accidents recorded in Aviation: Analysis reports on the State of Aviation Safety developed as targeted.

 

4.2.1.6 Programme 6: Maritime Transport

- Transnet National Ports Authority (TNPA) corporatised: Consultative engagements with the Department of Public Enterprises conducted on the 29th July and 14th September 2020 respectively;

- Operational Model for a National Shipping Company: Option assessment on the appropriate operating model for the establishment of a National Shipping Company finalised;

- Audit of Operation Phakisa Projects: Audits conducted at four (4) commercial ports as targeted – Cape Town, East London, Ngqura and Port Elizabeth;

- Maritime Safety Incident Rate: Bi-Annual Analysis Incident Rate report completed;

- Maritime Fatality Rate: Bi-Annual Analysis fatality rate report completed;

- Maritime Pollution Incidents: Bi-Annual Analysis Report on maritime pollution incidents completed.

4.2.1.7 Programme 7: Public Transport

- Reviewed Regulations for Integrated Single Ticketing System: Draft Amended Regulations developed as targeted. Virtual bilateral progress engagements were conducted with the following municipalities:

            - Tshwane (10 September 2020)

            - George (14 September 2020)

            - Polokwane (14 September 2020)

            - Johannesburg (15 September 2020)

            - Ekurhuleni (21 September 2020)

 

- Public Transport Operations: Monthly reports received from all provinces and consolidated;

- TRP Taxi Scrapping Programme: A total of 550 old taxi vehicles scrapped during the period under review;

- Shova Kalula Programme: A total of 1 351 bicycles distributed in two (2) provinces during the period under review:

- 251 (NC)

- 1 100 (NW)

 

4.2.2 Third Quarter Achievements

4.2.2.1 Programme 1: Administration

- Draft APP 2021/22 submitted to the (DPME);

- DoT Annual Report (2019/20) approved by the Executive Authority and tabled in Parliament;

- 13 vacant positions filled;

- 89 (out of 648) employees trained in 94 training interventions. That amounts to 13.7% of the total establishment;

- 165 bursaries currently being managed in the Department;

- Progress report on the implementation of action plans to address audit findings was developed as targeted.

 

4.2.2.2 Programme 2: ITP

- Regulations for Autonomous Vehicle Technology: Guidelines for the testing of autonomous vehicles were developed as targeted;

- National Household Travel Survey (NHTS): A draft Analytical Report of the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) was compiled as targeted;

- Regional Integration Strategy (RIS): A benchmarking exercise on the Regional Integration Strategy was conducted as targeted.

 

4.2.2.3 Programme 3: Rail Transport

- Private Sector Participation (PSP) Framework: Consultative engagements on the draft Private Sector Participation (PSP) Framework were conducted with Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) and the National Treasury (NT);

- High Speed Rail (HSR) Corridor Framework: Internal consultations on the on the draft High-Speed Rail (HSR) Corridor Framework were conducted with DoT branches as targeted (Integrated Transport Planning, Road Transport and Public Transport);

- Rolling Stock Fleet Renewal Programme: Bi-annual Analysis Report on the Rolling Stock Fleet Programme concluded as targeted;

- PRASA Modernisation Programme: Bi-annual Analysis Report on the PRASA Modernisation Programme was concluded;

- Jobs created through PRASA Infrastructure Programme: A Bi-annual Analysis Report of job creation initiatives was produced as targeted during the period under review. However, no jobs were created during the period under review;

- PRASA Rail Operations: A Bi-annual Analysis Report on PRASA Rail Operations was developed as targeted.

 

4.2.2.4 Programme 4: Road Transport

- National Road Safety Strategy (NRSS): Quarterly Analysis Report on the implementation of the National Road Safety Strategy developed as targeted;

- S’hamba Sonke Provincial Road Maintenance Programme: Quarterly Analysis Report on the maintenance of provincial roads developed as targeted;

- Reports on jobs created through the Provincial and Deep Rural Road Maintenance Programme: Quarterly Analysis Report on jobs created through the Provincial and Deep Rural Road Maintenance Programme completed;

- Road Asset Management Programme: Implementation of the Road Asset Management Programme monitored as targeted.

 

4.2.2.5 Programme 5: Civil Aviation

- Memoranda of Agreement (MoA) between DoT and Academic Institutions: Consultative engagements initiated with the University of Johannesburg and Nelson Mandela University on the review of existing MOAs.

 

4.2.2.6 Programme 6: Maritime Transport

- Transnet National Ports Authority (TNPA) corporatised: Transnet National Ports Authority (TNPA) consultation inputs considered and the impact of corporatisation of TNPA assessed as targeted;

- Audit of Operation Phakisa Projects: Audit of three (3) commercial ports conducted as targeted;

- Operational Model for a National Shipping Company: Consultative engagements on the operating model for the establishment of a National Shipping Company were conducted with the South African Maritime Business Forum, National Treasury and Department of Trade and Industry.

 

4.2.2.7 Programme 7: Public Transport

- Reviewed Regulations for Integrated Single Ticketing System: Consultative engagements on the Draft Amended Regulations for Single Ticketing System conducted with Provinces, Municipalities, and Public Transport Operators as targeted;

- Virtual bilateral progress engagements were conducted with the following municipalities:

            - Rustenburg (17 November 2020)

            - City of Cape Town (18 November 2020)

            - eThekwini (18 November 2020)

            - Nelson Mandela Bay (20 November 2020)

            - Mangaung (23 November 2020)

- Public Transport Operations: Monthly reports received from all provinces and consolidated;

- TRP Taxi Scrapping Programme: A total of 522 old taxi vehicles were scrapped;

- Shova Kalula Programme: A total of 1 425 bicycles distributed two provinces during the period under review:

- 375 (Northern Cape)

- 1 050 (North West)

 

4.3        Second and Third Quarter Non-Achievements

4.3.1 Second Quarter Non-Achievements

4.3.1.1 Programme 1: Administration

The targets set for the number of vacant posts to be filled of 17 posts annually but 5 for the Second Quarter, was not met due to the country being on lockdown to minimise the spread of COVID-19. Only 1 post was filled.

 

4.3.1.2 Programme 4: Road Transport

The target set for the National Anti-Fraud and Corruption Strategy for the Road Traffic Environment approved by Cabinet - Inputs considered and updated Strategy submitted to NEDLAC, was not met due to administrative delays in publishing the draft Strategy for public comments.

The target set for Road inventory data updating - Implementation of Road Asset Management Programme (RAMP) monitored, was not met due to the monitoring of the programme not having been conducted due to COVID-19 restrictions.

 

4.3.1.3 Programme 6: Maritime Transport

The target set for Maritime Development Fund Bill approved by Parliament - Socio-economic impact assessment conducted on the Maritime Development Fund Bill, was not met due to complexity and shortage of information and data.

The target set for Marine Pollution Prevention Amendment Bill approved by Parliament - Ministerial approval obtained for the submission of the Marine Pollution Prevention Amendment Bill to Cabinet, was not met due to the administrative process having been impacted by the COVID-19 disaster and lockdown.

 

4.3.2 Third Quarter Non-Achievements

4.3.2.1 Programme 2: ITP

The target set for Carbon Emission Transition Plan implemented - Final concept note for the alignment of Electric Vehicle Regulations developed, was not met due to an external consultant to provide support on the development of the concept note was not yet appointed as targeted.

 

4.3.2.2 Programme 4: Road Transport

The target set for National Anti-Fraud and Corruption Strategy for the Road Traffic Environment approved by Cabinet - National Anti-Fraud and Corruption Strategy for the Road Traffic Environment Strategy submitted to the DPME for socio-economic impact assessment, was not met due to delays in the provision of input by members of the NAFCF.

 

4.3.2.3 Programme 6: Maritime Transport

The target set for Maritime Development Fund Bill approved by Parliament - Stakeholder consultation conducted on the Maritime Development Fund Bill, was not met due to inputs still not having been received from SAMSA.

 

1. COMMITTEE OBSERVATIONS

 

Members made the following observations during discussions:

5.1        The Department’s failure to submit briefing documents in time continued to impact negatively on members’ oversight responsibility. It was further noted that the information that was presented on the Department’s expenditure during the meeting differed from the document that was sent to members, which limited member’s ability to thoroughly interrogate the expenditure presentation and reports. 

5.2        The Department provided the same reasons as in previous presentations for underspending across its programme areas such as, for example, the reasons for not filling vacancies in the Administration programme.  There was also the view that the same reasons were given for targets not being met, without the Department providing a clear plan to address the areas of non-achievement.

5.3        The Committee noted the withholding of the transfer payment of the Public Transport Network Grant (PTNG) to Mangaung and Rustenburg municipalities as a result of non-compliance.

5.4        Members noted that the amounts indicated for the Taxi Recapitalisation programme and for international organisations differed in the presentation from the document that was sent to members. 

5.5        The Department did not provide the Committee with the previously requested information on the amounts spent on PRASA’s legal fees including court settlements.

5.6        The information on underspending in all programmes was the same from the 2018/19 and 2019/20 financial years which created an impression that the Department was not serious about service delivery. Members queried how the Department could reach 100% targets in rail since trains were hardly operational long before the COVID-19 lockdown period. Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality was also cited as an example where R550 million was spent on the PTNG while no buses were running and the roads were not completed.

5.7        The Department was asked to explain the delays in the implementation of regional corridor projects and the underspending on the national travel household survey. The Department was further asked to explain what happened to the R1.135 billion for taxi relief and what would happen to the money if the taxi industry did not take up the funding.

5.8        The Department was asked whether it monitored the spending of the Provincial Road Maintenance Grant (PRMG) since a number of provincial roads were poorly maintained.

5.9        It was noted that the Department was not achieving its safe road targets.

5.10      Members noted the ongoing vandalism and theft of PRASA’s infrastructure. Furthermore, members noted the under expenditure in Rail and the continued decline in passenger numbers.

5.11      The Department was still renting a tug-boat from an Italian carrier and leasing a flight inspection aircraft; when South African flag carrying tug-boats and a flight inspection aircraft could have been purchased by now if one looks at how much is spent on renting this equipment.

5.12      The Department failed to disclose all expenditure on consultants as it was not included in the presentation.

5.13      The presentation from the Department indicated a decline in taxi scrapping and in the allocated budget. The Department was asked if it had a strategy in place to encourage an uptake from the taxi industry.

5.14      The Department was asked to provide the timeframes for the national anti-fraud and competition strategy for road environment and to provide information on reviewing the memorandum of understanding with the universities.

5.15      It was noted that there was a decline in passenger rail trips in the Rail transport programme even before the lockdown. The Department was asked whether it was upgrading the dilapidated train stations in the Eastern Cape.

5.16      Concerns regarding the Moloto Corridor were expressed once more. Specific concern was expressed regarding the halt of any progress with the Rail Corridor project. This concern was further linked to the budget allocation and expenditure for feasibility studies on a high-speed rail corridor while there were similar feasibility studies done for the Moloto Rail Corridor and the Johannesburg to Durban rail corridors, all of which were completed and the projects were not continued with.

5.17      There was a concern expressed that the aviation academic institutions were spending budget but that there was little transformation achieved through this in the industry.

 

1. COMMITTEERECOMMENDATIONS

 

The Committee recommends that the Minister ensure that:

6.1        The Department submitsquarterly reports on expenditure on time so that members have sufficient time to study the reports and that the information tabled are accurate.

6.2        The Department provides a clear plan to address the areas of non-achievement in its programmes in such a manner as to avoid repeating the same reasons in the next quarterly report or the next financial year.

6.3        The Department ensures improved alignment of its programmes and targets to service delivery.

6.4        The Department provides the Committee with quarterly reports on non-compliance by municipalities linked to the Public Transport Network Grant (PTNG) as well as the support given to these municipalities from the Department.

6.5        The Department’s quarterly expenditure reports provide a breakdown of expenditure for Scholar Transport per province.

6.6        The Department initiates, without delay, the purchase of South African flag carrying tug-boats and a flight inspection aircraft.

6.7        The Department and its entities report on quarterly expenditure containing the amounts spent on consultants.

6.8        The Department and PRASA submit a report on the appointment of security personnel to assist in safeguarding PRASA’s infrastructure.

6.9        The Department ensures it provides the Committee with all the additional requested quarterly reports from it and its entities per the 2020 Budgetary Review and Recommendation Report.

 

 

Report to be considered.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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[1]National Treasury (2020).

[2]National Treasury (2020), pp. 143-144.

[3]National Treasury (2020), p. 144.

[4]Ibid.

[5]Ibid.

[6]Ibid.

[7]Ibid.

[8]Cospas-Sarsat is an acronym for the Russian words "Cosmicheskaya Sistema Poiska Avariynyh Sudov", which translates to "Space System for the Search of Vessels in Distress". SARSAT is an acronym for Search And Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking. (Skybrary (n.d).

[9]Ibid.

[10]Ibid.

[11]Ibid.

[12]National Treasury (2020), p. 145.

[13]Ibid.