SCHOLAR
TRANSPORT POLICY
DRAFT
2
AUGUST 2007
Ministerial
Foreword
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
SECTION 1: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT.................................................................................. 5
1.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 5
1.2 CURRENT STATUS OF SCHOLAR TRANSPORT................................................... 5
1.3 POLICY CONTEXT............................................................................................... 6
SECTION 2: VISION,
MISSION, OBJECTIVES AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE SCHOLAR TRANSPORT POLICY 9
2.1 VISION................................................................................................................ 9
2.2 MISSION.............................................................................................................. 9
2.2 STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES FOR SCHOLAR TRANSPORT...................................... 9
2.3 GUIDING POLICY PRINCIPLES............................................................................ 9
SECTION
3: POLICY STATEMENTS............................................................................................ 11
3.1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
AND GOVERNANCE...................................... 11
3.1.1 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN SCHOLAR TRANSPORT PROVISION 11
3.1.2 MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES.......................... 14
3.2 INTEGRATION ISSUES....................................................................................... 15
3.3 ECONOMIC REGULATION OF SCHOLAR TRANSPORT....................................... 16
3.4 QUALITY REGULATION OF SCHOLAR TRANSPORT........................................... 19
3.5 LAW ENFORCEMENT......................................................................................... 20
3.6 FUNDING........................................................................................................... 21
3.7 EMPOWERMENT AND OPERATOR DEVELOPMENT............................................ 21
SECTION
4: IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK........................................................................... 22
4.1 IMPLEMENTATION
REQUIREMENTS.................................................................. 22
4.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS..................................................................... 26
4.3 MONITORING AND EVALUATION....................................................................... 26
SECTION
5: WAY FORWARD................................................................................................. 28
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3
Executive Summary
The development of the
national scholar transport policy was necessitated by the lack of a coherent
policy to address the needs of scholars in
The Department of
Transport is responsible for developing and reviewing national policy,
communication and advocacy, ensuring monitoring and evaluation and in
collaboration with the provincial Departments of Transport regulate on issues
of relevance to scholar transport as well as ensure scholar awareness on road
safety.
The provision of transport
has remained one of the key challenges that have confronted government in the
post-apartheid era. Many scholars travel long distances to access their schools
and this is not conducive for learning. There is generally a lack of
integration between communities and services and this result in an
unsustainable environment for proper socio-economic development. The historic
demographic characteristics of the country pose a massive challenge in the
provision of basic services to communities. The rural communities are severely
impacted by lack of access to services such as transport.
The main objective of
this scholar policy is to provide a single framework for the provision of
scholar transport. The policy addresses the challenges and issues that scholars
experience to access their educational institutions. The policy also serves a
guide for all spheres of government in the provision of scholar transport.
The policy provides an
enabling environment for government and other stakeholders to address scholar transport.
The policy outlines the objectives and guiding principles for the
implementation of scholar transport. Policy statements of the scholar transport
policy articulate the institutional arrangements, governance, regulatory and
legislation aspects of scholar transport. The safety and service quality issues
are also addressed in the scholar transport and are in line with international
best practice.
Co-ordination and
integration opportunities for scholar transport are addressed in the policy to
ensure that scholar transport is becomes part of the broader public transport
in
The outlines the
implementation framework for scholar transport which will assist government and
relevant stakeholders to effectively render an improved scholar transport
services throughout the country. Funding procedures which will ensure a
sustainable scholar transport are contained in this policy.
The policy articulates
that scholar transport plans must be developed and integrated into the Provincial Land Transport Framework
(PLTF), as well as in the Integrated Transport Plans (ITPs) of Local
Government.
SECTION 1: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Present day
Scholar transport is
critical in providing mobility to scholars to access their educational institutions
of learning. The provision of scholar transport ensures that scholars are able
to reach their educational institutions under healthy and safe environments
which enables effective learning environment. Many scholars have been excluded
from attending schools and thereby receiving education. The problems
experienced with transport are manifold and range from displaced communities to
high cost of transport services. It is the constitutional mandate of the
Department of Transport to develop a national scholar transport policy.
Scholar transport
assistance in South Africa came about as a response of provincial Departments
of Transport and Education to the problems of long distances that scholars,
especially those residing in remote and rural areas, had to travel to get to
the nearest suitable public school. This was largely seen as a temporary
arrangement for ensuring access to schooling, while engaging in the longer-term
process of building schools. A number of studies have alluded to the plight of
scholars in relation to distances they have to travel to access schools.
The National Household
Travel Survey, conducted by the Department of Transport in 2003, reported that
in
It was only in 2006 when
the Department of Education initiated a process of developing national
guidelines for scholar transport. It is against this background that Department
of Transport (DOT) has decided to develop a national scholar transport policy
that will set out uniform national norms and standards for the implementation
of scholar transport provision in all nine provinces.
1.2 CURRENT
STATUS OF SCHOLAR TRANSPORT
The following are some of
the relevant findings of the National Household Travel Survey conducted by the
Department of Transport through Statistics SA:
- In the country as a whole,
nearly 13,5 million scholars attend primary and secondary schools, while a
further 1,5 million attend pre-schools. Nearly half reside in rural areas,
with the rest fairly equally divided between metropolitan and urban areas.
- The vast majority of scholars
(76% or about 11,4 million) usually walk to school. While almost all
scholars walk to school in the rural areas and more than 70 percent walk
to school in urban areas, little more than half of those in metropolitan
areas walk to school
- Car travel and taxis (either
minibus, light delivery vehicles or sedan taxis) are the modes of
transport most frequently used by those who do not walk to school.
- A third of the scholars in
metropolitan areas travel by either car or taxi, while a fifth of those in
urban areas do so. Buses have some patronage in metropolitan and urban
areas, but trains are very seldom used. Other forms of transport
(bicycles, motorcycles, metered taxis, trucks, tractor-trailers or animal
transport) are also rarely used
- For the majority of scholars
(70% or about 10,5 million) the total door-to-door travel time to reach
their destination is 30 minutes or less. However, seven per cent or more
than 1,1 million scholars take longer than an hour to reach their place of
education.
- The provinces with a high
proportion of scholars travelling for longer than 30 minutes are
KwaZulu-Natal and, to a lesser degree, the Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga and
North West Province.
- Some 25 percent of primary
school children who walk to school (1,7 million) walk for longer than 30
minutes in one direction. Considering all children who walk to school,
there are 560 000 who spend more than two hours per day walking to and
from school
- In the country as a whole, only
about 13 percent of all the trips to schools are made by public transport.
The monthly costs for these trips vary considerably, ranging from nothing
(for trips by school buses) to more than R200 per month. For the largest
group of scholars the cost is between R101 – R200 per month.
- The highest proportion of
public transport trips to schools is made by taxi, despite the fact that
taxis are the most expensive means of travel of the three public transport
modes, with a relatively high number of taxi users paying more than R200
per month for their travel.
- The cheapest mode, the train,
which costs less than R100 per month for the majority of train users,
accounts for only one percent of public transport trips and attracted far
fewer scholars.
- It is self-evident that cost
alone does not determine patronage of public transport by scholars, but
that other factors, such as availability, accessibility, travel time,
safety and comfort certainly play a role in their mode choice. Important
information which determines consumer choice.
1.3 POLICY
CONTEXT
The development of
scholar transport policy occurs within the transport policy context and will
operate within this context. The 1996 National Transport White Paper puts forward the
vision for the South African transport system as to:
It sets out as one of its
objectives as ensuring
that “passenger transport services address user needs, including those of
commuters, pensioners, the aged, scholars, the disabled, tourists and long
distance passengers” (Ministry of Transport, 1996). Scholars are identified as
one of the special need category in the provision of transport.
The White Paper
stipulates further objectives including improving accessibility and mobility;
provide appropriate and affordable public transport; and provide readily
accessible information to transport users.
Moving
In 2000, the National
Land Transport Transition Act (NLTTA), Act 22 of 2000 was promulgated. Section
1(1) (Lxxiii) of the NLTTA refers to scholars as a special category of
passengers alongside others including, persons with disabilities, tourists,
transferring long-distance passengers, the aged, pregnant women and those who
are limited in their movements by children with or without pushchairs or prams.
In Section 44 of the Act the conveyance of scholars, students, teachers or
lecturers to and from educational institutions on a daily basis is regarded as
a public transport service.
The NLTTA goes further to
set out the parameters for transport planning. It requires that strategies for
needs of scholars be contained in the public transport plans to be prepared by
the relevant planning authorities (Section 26(2)(b)(i)) and that a general
strategy for the needs of scholars be incorporated in the Provincial Land
Transport Framework (Section 22(3)(h). It further requires that needs of
special categories of passengers be taken into consideration in the planning
and provision of public transport infrastructure, facilities and services.
According to the Act, the needs of these special categories should be met as
far as may be possible by the system provided for mainstream public transport
(Section 4(1)(k)).
Following the NLLTA was
The National Land Transport Strategic Framework (NLTSF) 2002-2007, which is a
legal requirement in terms of Clause 21 of the NLTTA. The NLTSF embodies the
overarching, national five-year (2002 to 2007) land transport strategy, which
gives guidance on transport planning and land transport delivery by national
government, provinces and municipalities for this five‑year period.
With regard to funding,
the NLTSF states that:
- Public transport services must
be designed to provide affordable transport to the public and also to
achieve cost-efficiency and service quality, the optimal allocation and
utilisation of available resources, and market development.
- Appropriate modes must be
selected and planned for on the basis of where they will have the greatest
impact on reducing the total systems cost of travel.
- Services should be planned,
where possible, so that subsidies will achieve the aim of assisting
currently marginalised users and those who have poor access to social and
economic activity.
- The principle of user charging
or recovering costs from direct users must be applied wherever appropriate
and possible, in that such users should pay for all or most of the costs
related to the service or activity in question.
The 2007 Public
Transport Action Plan of the Department of Transport proposes a radical
transformation of the whole public transport system in
SECTION
2: VISION, MISSION
2.1 VISION
To
ensure the provision of a transport service that caters for the needs of scholars.
2.2 MISSION
To ensure that the mobility needs of scholars are met
through the provision of a safe, secure, reliable and affordable scholar
transport service to support social development and future economic growth.
2.2 STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVES FOR SCHOLAR TRANSPORT
The strategic objectives
to be achieved through the scholar transport policy are:
- To develop a uniform national
scholar transport policy framework within relevant processes and
legislation of government.
- To ensure transport as a
catalyst for access to schools.
- To also promote
non-motorized transport in safe and secure circumstances over reasonable
distances.
- To ensure the provision of safe
and secure scholar transport services for scholars within the legislative
framework of government.
- To provide the design of a route
network and the design of such a transport service in order to ensure
scholar transport is accessible and safe for all scholars.
- To ensure the procurement and
formalization of scholar transport services in a transparent and
accountable manner whilst promoting BBBEE.
- To ensure
sustainable and equitable funding for the provision of scholar transport
services.
- To ensure safety and
service standards are met within the appropriate modes of transport.
- To promote the
co-ordination and co-operation with respect to scholar transport amongst
all stakeholders.
- To monitor and
evaluate scholar transport services and policy impact.
- To promote scholar transport within the main modes of
public transport.
- To ensure the provision of infrastructure in order to
ensure the safety and security of scholars making use of such a service.
2.3 GUIDING
POLICY PRINCIPLES
The following principles are
formulated to focus the policy and to ensure that it is in line with government
policies:
- There must be one overarching scholar transport policy.
- Scholar transport must be provided to all scholars.
- Scholar transport will be provided to the nearest
school from the scholar’s home.
- All modes of transport will form part of the scholar
transport.
- Scholar transport shall be accessible to all scholars.
- The procurement of scholar transport must take
cognisance of empowerment opportunities.
- Scholar transport shall be affordable to all.
- Scholar transport shall be safe and secure.
- As basis the
directives of the scholar transport policy should remain the “Model Tender
and Contract Documents for Subsidised Service Contracts” as published by
notice 1058 of 2006 in the Government Gazette of 8 August 2006 as well as
taking cognisance of the following:
- The Constitution of
South Africa, 1996 (Act No 108 of 1996): It provides the right of access
to education by all scholars.
- The South African
Schools Act (SASA), 1996 (Act No 84 of 1996) as amended: It ensures that all scholars have right
of access to quality education without discrimination, and makes schooling
compulsory for children of ages 7-14.
- Public Transport Strategy and
Action Plan, 2006 – 2007.
- National Rural
Transport Strategy.
- The
·
The various modes considered for scholar transport are
defined as follows:
Bus: “bus” means a motor
vehicle designed, or lawfully adapted, by a registered manufacturer in
compliance with the Road Traffic Act, 1989 (Act No. 29 of 1989), to carry more
than 35 persons, excluding the driver, subject to section 31;
School bus: “school bus” means a
mini-bus or bus, owned by or contracted to, or on behalf of, a school, and used
principally for the conveyance of school children and other persons associated
with such school in terms of a valid and appropriate Operating License;
Midibus: "midibus" means a motor vehicle
designed or lawfully adapted by a registered manufacturer in compliance with
the National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act No. 93 of 1996), to carry from
nineteen (19) to thirty-five (35) seated persons, excluding the driver;
Mini-bus: “minibus" means a motor vehicle designed
or lawfully adapted by a registered manufacturer in compliance with the
National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act No. 93 of 1996), to carry from nine (9) to
eighteen (18) seated persons, excluding the driver, which conforms to the Taxi
Recapitalisation Programme specifications for a mini-bus published by the
Minister of Transport.
LDVs: light delivery vehicles adapted for the conveyance of persons in
compliance with the National Road Traffic Act, 1996, and only if it meets the
requirements set down by the MEC in terms of the National Land Transport
Transition Amendment Act, 2000.
Bicycles: two-wheeled cycles,
especially bicycles distributed in terms of the Shova ka Lula Bicycle Project.
Animal-drawn vehicles: such as donkey carts which comply with the requirements of
the regulations of the National Road Traffic Act and when fitted with equipment
such as proper seating that will ensure the safety of passengers.
Walking: scholars are walking to
school and the policy would have to address this as a mode with regard to
issues such as pedestrian paths, the walking school bus concept, safety of
scholars walking to and from school.
The basic principles and strategic objectives listed above
are accepted as the guiding framework for this National Scholar Transport
Policy.
SECTION 3: POLICY STATEMENTS
3.1
INSTITUTIONAL
ARRANGEMENTS AND GOVERNANCE
Scholar
transport provision is a huge undertaking. There are a number of roles, which
need to be undertaken in order for it to succeed. It is imperative that the
roles involved here are defined and the responsible structures identified. It
starts off by looking at the key roles in scholar transport provision as well
as the responsible structures. The sub-section ends off with a discussion of
the management and planning systems and structures.
3.1.1
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN SCHOLAR TRANSPORT PROVISION
Given its
mandate, the Department of Transport has the ultimate responsibility for
providing scholar transport. While this is the case, the Department of
Transport acknowledges that collaboration with the relevant stakeholders is of
essence if the provision of scholar transport is to be implemented properly.
Therefore, the Department of Transport undertakes to collaborate with the
Department of Education as well as sub-structures in both the transport and
education sectors. The discussion below
gives an indication of the key roles in relation to the provision of scholar
transport as well as the relevant structures that must perform these roles.
Development of National
Policy
Issue
Scholar
transport provision currently differs from province to province in terms of the
way it is implemented. National policy on scholar transport is necessary to set
out the guidelines for how scholar transport must be implemented.
Policy
The
Department of Transport will be responsible for the development including
review of national policy on scholar transport provision after consultation
with the relevant stakeholders.
Planning and
Co-ordination of Scholar Transport
Issue
There is
inadequate scholar transport planning and co-ordination across all spheres of
government.
Policy
Provincial
Departments of Transport must develop implementation strategies and plans in
consultation with provincial Departments of Education and other key scholar
transport stakeholders.
The
strategies and plans for scholar transport in a province must be included in
the Provincial Land Transport Framework (PLTF) and Strategic Plan, as well as
in the Integrated Transport Plans (ITPs) of Local Government. PDOTs must report
on the implementation of scholar transport using existing structures.
Provincial
plans must take into account provincial cross-border services where relevant.
Provincial
Departments of Transport must ensure that Local Government develops detailed
operational plans for the respective areas they are responsible for, on the
basis of information from schools and in line with provincial plans. Where
capacity is lacking, provincial departments must assist with the development of
detailed plans in the short-term, but make efforts to develop the capacity of
Local Government in the long-term.
Provincial
Departments of Transport must ensure co-ordination between provincial and local
government scholar transport plans.
Regulation of scholar
transport
Issue
Scholar transport is regulated in terms of general transport
legislation and regulations but there are no regulations that address issues
specific to scholar transport. In addition, there could be other issues that
may arise as the Scholar Transport Policy is being implemented that may need to
be regulated.
Policy
Departments of Transport must regulate any issue of
relevance, where required, to scholar transport provision to prevent abuses and
ensure efficiency.
Communication and
advocacy
Issue
Communication
and advocacy are crucial to the success of any policy. The South African public
will need to be informed about the scholar transport policy so that the
targeted groups have access to the scholar transport services.
Policy
The
Department of Transport will be responsible for advocating and communicating
the Scholar Transport Policy to the public and other spheres of government.
Funding
Issue
Scholar
transport provision is a huge undertaking, which requires sustainable funding
in order to succeed. Currently the Department of Transport does not have
dedicated funding for scholar transport provision.
Policy
The
Department of Transport will fund scholar transport provision through
conditional grants.
Registration and
licensing of operators
Issue
The NLTTA,
2000 requires the transport operators to be registered. However, there are
indications that some of the operators providing scholar transport are not
registered and they have to be registered specifically as scholar transport
operators.
Policy
It will be
the responsibility of provincial Departments of Transport through their
Registrar’s Office and Operating License Boards to register and license scholar
transport operators.
Scholar
transport operators must be required by provincial Departments of Transport to
renew their operating licences as prescribed by the National Land Transport
Transition Act, 2000.
Provincial
Departments of Transport must keep a database of all scholar transport
operators.
Identification of scholar
transport beneficiaries for subsidisation
Issues
Identification
of scholars who will be provided with scholar transport is a crucial aspect in
the provision of scholar transport as this feeds into the planning process as
well as the actual implementation of those plans.
Policy
Provincial
Departments of Transport after consultation with the Department of Education
must ensure that qualifying scholars are identified in line with the identified
criteria.
The Department of Transport will
provide subsidies to all qualifying scholars in dedicated transport and those
integrated into the mainstream public transport. Dedicated scholar transport refers
to a case where an operator uses modes of transport and drivers specifically
for transporting scholars at all times or at certain times when schools start
and end. On the contrary, integrated scholar transport refers to those cases
where scholars are subsidised to use existing mainstream public transport
system.
Provincial
Departments of Transport must consider integrating scholars into the existing
public transport system where this is available and there are not enough
scholars to justify the viable use of any of the transport modes regarded as
appropriate in their respective provinces specifically.
The Department of Transport shall
provide scholar transport services to Grade R to Grade 12 scholars[1].
The Department of Transport
acknowledges the fact that schools and their communities possess information
about scholars, and therefore, they are best positioned to identify scholars
who should qualify for scholar transport assistance. Principals, after
consultation with the School Governing Bodies (SGBs) and the school community,
must identify scholar transport beneficiaries in line with the following
additional criteria:
- Distance of more than 3km between home and school.
- Scholar transport must be to the nearest appropriate
grade school.
- Parental choice of schools must
not be subsidised. Parental choice refers to when parents prefer to enrol
their children at schools other than the nearest suitable school.
Contracting of services
and tendering
Issue
Contracting
and provision of services need to be co-ordinated in order to ensure a uniform
scholar transport system for the entire country, as the current system is
inadequate.
Policy
Provincial
Departments of Transport must ensure that scholar transport services are
procured through the tender process as required by government legislation.
- Only registered operators with
approved modes of transport may be contracted for the scholar transport
provision.
- Local bidders with modes
approved by the provincial Department of Transport taking into account the
topography of the province must be given first preference in the provision
of scholar transport.
Law enforcement and
ensuring road safety
Issue
Scholars
moving to and from school are vulnerable and exposed to the risk of traffic
crashes, injuries, fatalities and inappropriate and unroadworthy vehicles. The
Department of Transport will need to increase its efforts to ensure safety for
scholars. It is crucial for scholars to be transported safely to schools and
back.
Policy
Provincial
Departments of Transport must work closely with Local Government to ensure that
scholar transport providers comply with the safety measures promoted by the
Department of Transport including adhering to speed limits and ensuring that
all passengers are seated irrespective of the transport mode used.
Departments of Transport must, through traffic law
enforcement officials, ensure that scholar transport providers comply with the
traffic law.
The
Department of Transport must ensure that passengers are well-informed about
safety measures. It must continue to promote road safety using existing
programmes to educate scholars and the public as a whole.
Monitoring and evaluation
Issue
There is a
need for constant monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of scholar
transport provision to track whether the set objectives are being met and to
inform necessary adjustments and interventions.
Policy
The
Department of Transport must ensure that scholar transport is monitored and
evaluated.
3.1.2
MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING SYSTEMS AND STRUCTURES
In order to achieve the objectives
set for scholar transport, there is a need for the implementation of the policy
to be managed at various levels of government and to involve all relevant
sectors in the planning and management structures and processes.
Issue
In order to achieve the objectives set for
scholar transport, there is a need for the implementation of the policy to be
managed at various levels of government as well as the involvement of relevant
stakeholders in the planning and management structures and processes.
Policy
The
Department of Transport and its provincial counterparts must manage
implementation of scholar transport in the country through a dedicated
component.
The
provincial Department of Transport must establish a planning committee on
scholar transport with representatives of, at least, the Provincial Department
of Transport and the Provincial Department of Education.
Annual
planning must start with the identification of scholars in need of scholar
transport. This information should feed into the development of provincial
scholar transport strategies and plans. Below is a suggested cycle of planning
as well as timeframes.
Diagram 1:
Cycle of Planning for Scholar Transport Provision
The diagram above shows the planning cycle starting with the
provincial Departments of Transport obtaining information on learners from the
Departments of Education in February. This becomes the basis for designing
scholar transport services which must be done between March and July. In September,
the services will be put to tender for potential scholar transport operators to
bid. Following this will be the appointment of scholar transport operators,
which must be done in November in time for them to start providing services in
January of the following year.
Operations must be reviewed and readjusted in August of each year in
preparation for the following year.
3.2
INTEGRATION ISSUES
Scholar transport must be integrated
into the broader physical and planning environment to ensure that it becomes
effective and sustainable. The provision of integrated services within
communities promotes sustainability and accessibility. The provision of integrated of land use and transport,
inter-modal and infrastructure are critical for an efficient and effective
scholar transport.
Land use
and transport integration
Inter-modal
integration
Intermodal ticketing for
scholars may be allowed to facilitate intermodal transfers.
Transport infrastructure
Issue
The provision of
transport infrastructure is important in rendering scholar transport. The
provision of transport infrastructure will ensure that scholar transport
operates within a formalized environment.
Policy
Inter-governmental
co-ordination must ensure that adequate infrastructure is provided to scholar
transport. Scholar transport infrastructure plans must be incorporated into the
Integrated Transport Plans.
3.3
ECONOMIC REGULATION OF SCHOLAR
TRANSPORT
Operating licenses
The National Land
Transport Transition Act, Act 22 of 2000 stipulates that no person may operate a
road-based public transport service without holding the necessary permit or
operating licence. The issuing of operating
licenses is a new transport requirement which requires public transport
services be operated on a route based permit.
Where a province
prescribes a dedicated service, operating licenses must be issued in terms
thereof.
Service
design
for contract services
Issue
The service design of
scholar transport services is a complex and detailed process which must ensure
coverage of the service area is adequately addressed. This process requires
extensive consultation with other relevant stakeholders to ensure fair
penetration of scholar transport services.
The scholar transport service designs should contain
detailed route descriptions, vehicle types, time tables, trip cost, trip
length, travel time, stops and ranking information.
Procurement of Scholar Transport Service
Providers
Government has introduced
procurement legislation to promote All government procurement processes have to
conform to prescribed procurement legislation.
The procurement of scholar transport needs to take
cognisance of emerging scholar transport providers, as the existing system does
not conform to this.
The provincial Departments of Transport must adhere to
legislation and policies that promote SMME’s and Broad-Based Black Economic
Empowerment.
Contract duration
The high capital costs
for to acquire assets require a longer contract period for operators to pay-off
their assets. This situation encourages public transport operators to prefer
longer contracts periods so that they can be able to pay off their assets
relating to the contract. The current subsidised public transport contracts
administered by the provincial Departments of Transport are for a period of 5
years.
Payment
mechanism
Issue
The payment of scholar
transport operators’ contracts must use revenue km as the basis for
remuneration and that escalation clause must be included in the contracts. Payment must be effected
in terms of the PFMA.
Service
types
Issue
There
are various forms of service types through which scholar transport can be
provided. The provision of dedicated scholar transport may take some time to be
fully rolled-out. The mainstream public transport may be used to transport scholars.
The service types include:
Dedicated
service
- Subsidized group
These are operators who are doing a dedicated scholar transport service
and
are receiving subsidy from the Department of Education. Scholars are picked up and dropped off at
designated points.
- Non-subsidized group
These are operators who are doing a dedicated scholar transport service
and who are not receiving subsidy from either the Department of Education or
the Department of Transport.
- Class i: these
operators enter into contractual agreements with the parents and are
doing the door to door service. Changing and fixed fees are payable on
monthly basis and this is done at the beginning of every new month.
- Cass ii: these
operators have special arrangements with the scholars who organize
themselves into groupings and are picking up and dropped off at
designated points. Scholars pay fares on a trip basis.
Non-dedicated
service
- Subsidized group
These are operators who are doing general public transport service and
are giving transport to scholars who will have special subsidized tickets.
The provision of
dedicated scholar transport services, in a country such as
Scholar
transport accessibility
Issue
Safety and security
Issue
The safety of scholars is very important during the process
of being transported. Exposure to external factors that may pose a threat to
safety of scholars must be minimized. The security of scholars will have to
address factors such as hijackings, violence and other life threatening
incidents.
Policy
Provincial Departments Transport in consultation with
provincial Education Departments must ensure that adequate safety and security
measures are taken whilst scholars are being transported.
3.4
QUALITY REGULATION OF SCHOLAR
TRANSPORT
A comprehensive study titled “Road Safety in School
Transport” conducted in 2004 for the Directorate-General Energy and Transport
of the European Union investigated school transport programmes in the United
States, Canada, the Scandinavian countries as well as Europe, and came to the
following conclusions regarding the various systems which are most relevant for
the process of formalising and regulating the scholar transport system in South
Africa. These conclusions point to:
- the differences in defining “school transport”;
- the lack of a database and clear statistical
information;
- improvements in the coordination between the different
authorities;
- integration of school transport into the local and
regional mobility process;
- increased awareness of children’s safety during school
journeys
- promotion of training and periodic re-training of
school transport drivers;
- school bus transport as the safest form of road
transport;
- the need for a strict and regular inspection regime;
- the need for additional certificates for school
transport drivers as well as more regular health checks
- specific legislation on school transport;
- the importance of enforcement aimed at improving users’
behaviour; and
- measures in the field of vehicle technology and safer
infrastructure that may lead to improvements in road safety in the long
term.
Taking into account these conclusions as well as all the
other information collected through the literature study on international good
practice, the essential issues regarding the safety and service standards of a
scholar transport programme are captured in the policy statements.
Safety standards
Issue
The present scholar transport system does not ensure the
safety of scholars. An integrated
approach to school transport safety issues is necessary.
Policy
This approach must involve a set of different safety
measures ranging from vehicle characteristics (i.e. speed devices, windows and
doors opening restrictions, safety equipment) to the promotion of other safety
measures (e.g. traffic calming measures and arrangements in the vicinity of
schools), to drivers’ qualifications and training as well as education,
publicity and awareness actions aimed at all the stakeholders (scholars,
parents, teachers, drivers, authorities).
Service standards
Issue
The responsibility for developing and implementing scholar
transport service standards is normally a split between different institutions
acting at different levels, which makes the implementation and monitoring of
the measures and standards difficult.
Policy
The Department of Transport must provide scholar transport
service standards which have the objective to ensure adequate services based on
targets and priorities.
3.5
LAW ENFORCEMENT
The Minister of Transport, Mr. Jeff Radebe, instructed the
Road Traffic Management Corporation (RTMC) on 6 February 2006, after a bus
accident in which two scholars were killed in the
At the same time he instructed the Department of Transport
to liaise with the Department of Education to incorporate relevant safety
standards into contracts providing transport for scholars, which are under the
auspices of the Provincial Departments of Transport. The Provincial Departments of Transport were
requested to assist with the implementation of measures in ensuring that
scholar transport is managed in a manner that is reliable, safe and provides
comfort to scholars. The Minister
published a Model Tender and Contract Document (MTCD) to enhance the safety
standards for buses and other vehicles involved in subsidized public transport
services. Government’s attempts to
encourage operators to renew their fleet within a defined period were at the
core of the document.
Issue
At present there are scholar transport service providers who
operate illegally e.g. without operating licenses, unroadworthy vehicles etc.
which needs to be addressed through “on-the-road” law enforcement.
Policy
Departments of Transport must ensure that there are enough
traffic officers and road transportation inspectors to ensure that scholars are
transported safely and legally.
3.6
FUNDING
Funding is very critical to ensure that scholar transport
services are rendered on an on-going basis. There needs to be a single
government Department responsible for funding of scholar transport.
Issue
The Department of Transport must ensure that there is
adequate and sustainable funding for scholar transport through its national
budget allocation. The funding will be transferred to the provinces through
conditional grants.
3.7
EMPOWERMENT AND OPERATOR
DEVELOPMENT
Current government procurement
legislation makes provision for the previously disadvantaged communities to
participate in the tendering of government contracts. One of the main
objectives of the empowerment opportunities is to bring these communities into
mainstream economy and to formalize them into business entities. The following
are some of the empowerment opportunities that may be used for broad based
black economic empowerment and small, micro and medium enterprises in the
transport tendering process.
Programmes to provide BBBEE and SMME opportunities
Issue
A significant number of current
scholar transport operators operate on an informal basis. Another major aspect
confronting current scholar transport operators is a lack of business skills.
The Department of
Transport must empower emerging Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment and SMME
scholar transport operators through developmental programmes to provide sustainable
scholar transport services. The following programmes need to be considered:
·
Skills development programme
Continued training with regard to
relevant skills including, but not limited to, Procurement Processes, Basic
Business Skills, Vehicle Maintenance, Customer Care etc must form part of all
scholar transport contracts.
·
Formalization of scholar transport operators
All scholar transport operators must
be formalized in terms of the prescribed transport legislation.
·
SMME's consortium
SMME's consortium may tender for
scholar transport contracts.
·
Sub-contracting
Sub-contracting may be supported in
the tendering for subsidized contract service.
·
Joint venture between a SMME operator and a large operator
Joint venture model agreements may
be supported between a SMME operator and a large operator
SECTION
4: IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK
An
effective, safe and reliable scholar transport system is dependent on
compliance with the requirements regarding service and safety standards, the
operation of the service as well as the monitoring of the quality of the
service provided.
4.1 IMPLEMENTATION
REQUIREMENTS
The directives for a
South African scholar transport system are based on international good practice
models which are adapted and applied to the South African requirements and
conditions as well as stakeholder interaction.
In addition to the directives, the operators, drivers and vehicles used
for scholar transport must adhere to the requirements of the regulations of the
National Road Traffic Act (Act No. 93 of 1996) and the National Land Transport
Transition Act (Act 22 of 2000).
ROUTE ACCESSIBILITY
AND SAFETY
Issue
Not all
scholars have access to scholar transport through a well-defined scholar
transport service which includes proper infrastructure and facilities.
Policy
The
provincial Departments of Transport, when determining routes, must consider the
safety of scholars as well as the efficiency of service.
The following
aspects must be considered when determining routes and facilities:
·
A maximum walking distance to scholar transport pick up
point (3 km is considered as fair)
·
The distance between bus stops, taking into consideration
exceptions for handicapped children or hazardous conditions. This distance may vary in rural and urban
areas. ( between 2-5km)
·
The safety of all involved should be considered when
deciding where bus stops are located, focusing particularly on the visibility
of the bus and keeping the passengers off the road surface
·
The passengers waiting at the bus stop should have
unobstructed vision in both directions
·
The necessity for a school vehicle carrying passengers to
traverse a grade-level railroad crossing should be eliminated.
·
The written route descriptions maintained by the supervising
authorities should also be made available to the respective school principles.
·
Routes should be planned so that a maximum number of
scholars are picked up and discharged at the assigned stops, considering what
is safe and economically feasible as to time and expense.
·
Routes should be planned in such a way to eliminate the need
for a vehicle to back up (reverse). If the vehicle must reverse, a safe and
adequate turning place must be available. Vehicles should never reverse in a
heavily populated area.
·
Vehicles should not be routed over private roads and should
operate only on public roadways where possible
·
Routes should be planned so that not more scholars are
picked up than there are seats on the vehicle.
·
School vehicles should begin their routes at the most
distant point from their assigned school, picking up scholars as the bus
proceeds toward the school. When this is not possible, the least number of
scholars should be carried away from the school. Scholars should not ride
longer than necessary on school vehicles.
·
A driver or contractor should not be allowed to make any
changes in the established route without the approval of the Authorities.
·
Arrival and departure times at the schools should be planned
in such a way that it will minimize congestion and the creation of unsafe
conditions.
·
The crossing of scholars from one side of the road to the
other side when departing the bus should be made as safe as possible. Directives for crossing the road could
include the following:
o
Scholars shall cross from one side to the other side of a
road to board a bus only:
§
in urban areas where safe and appropriate pedestrian
crossings are available,
§
when the bus has come to a full stop,
§
all traffic has come to a full stop,
§
in rural areas where the road is definitely clear, and
§
where it is absolute safe to cross.
·
Applicable road signs must be used to indicate scholar pick
up points or stops.
·
There should be design specifications for the
pick-up and drop-off zones that will ensure the safety of the vehicle as well
as passengers.
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES,
EQUIPMENT, TRAINING AND QUALIFICATIONS
Issue
The requirements for emergency
equipment fitted to or available on scholar transport vehicles are
insufficient. Drivers are generally also not trained in basic first aid.
Policy
The
provincial Departments of Transport must ensure that the following emergency
equipment is provided in addition to those prescribed by legislation:
- telephone or
communication device
- a reflective
(warning) vest for the driver to be worn in cases of emergency when the
driver needs to leave the bus
- emergency medical
kit
- drivers should be
trained in basic first aid and should be responsible for the maintenance
and use of the emergency medical kit.
VEHICLE SPECIFICATIONS
Issue
Vehicles
used to transport scholars have to meet the requirements of the general
regulations of the National Road Traffic Act (Act No. 93 of 1996) applicable to
the transportation of passengers and this is not
sufficient for the transport of scholars.
Policy
The
provincial departments of Transport in the provision of scholar transport
services must ensure adherence to legislation regarding vehicle specifications.
The
following should apply specifically to vehicles used to transport scholars:
·
The use of vehicles other than buses, minibuses and
midi-buses should be considered for the transportation of scholars as
well. Although it is an offence according
to the National Road Traffic Act to transport any person for hire and reward in
a LDV, in certain areas and under certain conditions the MEC should give
permission to use suitably modified LDVs as well as animal-drawn carts (donkey
carts).
·
Vehicles should conform to the requirements of the Model
Tender and Contract Documents as published by the Minister of Transport
periodically in terms of the National Land Transport Transition Act.
·
A vehicle can be declared unfit for further service at any
stage by an authorized examiner of vehicles.
·
Minibuses or midi-buses are accepted modes of transport for
scholars provided that they do not carry commuters at the same time.
·
Buses should be allocated to routes in such a way that all
scholars are seated and loads do not exceed the manufacturer's rated capacity.
When emergency situations create overloads, such condition should be corrected
within a reasonable time.
·
Buses and minibuses should display the speed limits
applicable to the mode of transport for scholar transport vehicles on the rear
of the vehicle, 100 for mini-buses and midi-buses and 80 for buses.
·
Flashing upper lights to show other drivers that the bus has
stopped and is loading or unloading passengers will add to the creation of a
safe environment for the passengers. It
must be an indication for vehicles behind the bus to stop and wait for the
scholars to disembark.
·
Sound devices indicating that a vehicle is reversing are
already compulsory for vehicles transporting goods over 3,5 tons and should be
fitted to vehicles transporting scholars as well.
·
School vehicles throughout the country should be
colour-coded to indicate that the vehicle is a scholar transport vehicle with
an operating license.
CRITERIA FOR
CERTIFICATION OF OPERATORS AND DRIVERS
Issue
The present requirement for the qualifications, training, and experience
of drivers of scholar transport vehicles are insufficient.
Policy
The provincial Departments of Transport in the provision of scholar
transport must ensure that in addition to the regulations pertaining to drivers
of public transport vehicles, the following aspects regarding the certification
of drivers of vehicles transporting scholars must also be required:
·
The completion of a specifically designed compulsory driver
training programme.
·
A minimum of five years driving experience, during which
time a valid driving license was held.
CODE OF CONDUCT FOR
DRIVERS AND SCHOLARS
Issue
There is no code of conduct to guide
the behaviour of both drivers and passengers. There is therefore no instrument
to ensure accountability amongst those involved.
Policy
Code of
conduct for drivers
It is the responsibility of the
Department of Transport to ensure that a code of conduct for drivers is
drafted. The code must contain details of the expected behaviour and measures
for dealing with non-complying drivers, procedures for drivers and responses in
the case emergency including accidents, theft, hijackings, when a scholar is
seriously ill and so on. It should form part of the contract and be signed by
the driver.
All scholar transport drivers must
be in possession a Professional Driving Permit (PDP) as required by the current
transport regulations.
Code of
conduct for scholars
School principals are responsible
for ensuring that parents give written consent to their children being
transported.
Provincial Departments must ensure
the development of a code of conduct for passengers in scholar transport after
consultation with the relevant stakeholders. The code of conduct must include,
but not be limited to, the following:
·
Expected/unexpected behaviour.
·
Measures for dealing with scholars who do not adhere to the
agreed code.
·
How repeat offenders will be dealt with.
The code of conduct must be
displayed in all modes used for scholar transport for all to see.
PROVISIONS FOR
SCHOLARS LIVING WITH DISABILITIES
Issue
Current scholar transport does not make sufficient provision for
the transportation of scholars with physical disabilities.
Policy
The provincial Departments of Transport must ensure that all
scholar transport is accessible to scholars living with disabilities.
4.2
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Institutional arrangements have the objective to ensure that
adequate resources, based on targets and priorities defined are available for
scholar transport and to ensure at the same time that they are adequately used
and monitored.
Issue
The responsibility for developing and implementing a scholar
transport service has until now been split between different stakeholders
acting at different levels. This
restriction affects coordination and implementation.
Policy
The Department of Transport together with its provincial
counterparts, are responsible to develop institutional arrangements for the
implementation framework.
4.3
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Policy monitoring and
evaluation
Issue
The Department of Transport is mandated by the Constitution
of the
Policy
The Department of Transport must be responsible for
monitoring and evaluation at the policy level. The strategic objectives must be
used as the basis to measure the effectiveness of the policy. The Department of
Transport must ensure evaluation of the policy is done at regular 5-year intervals.
Monitoring of policy will be an on-going process to ensure effective policy
implementation.
The following are some of the indicators the Department must
use:
- Improved accessibility to schooling
- Number of scholars benefiting from scholar transport provision
- Reduction in the number of crashes, injuries and
fatalities
- Number of operators registered
- Roll-out of programmes by provinces
Programme monitoring and
evaluation
Issue
Programme monitoring and evaluation of scholar transport
will take place at the provincial sphere of government because provinces are
responsible to develop scholar transport programmes in their areas of
jurisdiction. The information obtained
at the project level will serve as input in this process. The management,
co-ordination and impacts of scholar transport projects will be executed at the
programme level.
Policy
The provincial Departments of Transport, in consultation
with stakeholders, must ensure monitoring and evaluation of the scholar
transport provision programmes. The monitoring must be done on a continuous
basis. Programme evaluation must be done on three-year cycle.
The following are some of the indicators that could be used:
- Quality of programmes designed
- Number of scholars benefiting from scholar transport
provision
- Number of operators registered
- School coverage
Project monitoring and
evaluation
Issue
The actual implementation of scholar transport projects can
only occur at local government because it is at the level that scholars will
benefit. It is at this level that scholar transport project monitoring and
evaluation will take place. It is at his level that the actual performance of
the scholar transport policy can be measured by implementing local
projects. Supervising and monitoring
firms will obtain and compile information which will be as input in the
monitoring and evaluation at the project level.
Policy
Provincial Departments of Transport must on annual basis
evaluate the progress made with the implementation of the project. Monitoring
must be done on a continuous basis.
Some of the indicators to be used are:
- Travel time
- Number of scholars
- Number of trips missed
- Compliance with the timetable
- Overloading
- Arrival and departure times
- Vehicle road worthiness
SECTION
5: WAY FORWARD
After approval of this national policy on scholar transport
a framework for the implementation of the scholar transport system will be
provided. Those elements of the policy,
which require only administrative action, will be implemented immediately. Those elements of the policy, which require
major changes from existing practice, may not be implemented immediately.
Provinces should not embark upon the formulation of policy
or the adoption of practices that run contrary to the implementation of this
policy. The Department of Transport will
facilitate the smooth transformation and implementation of this policy.
The Minister of Transport will be advised on the
establishment of a Directorate within the Department of Transport to issue
directives and exercise oversight over the following:
- Policy advocacy programme
A national policy advocacy programme
must be developed. The advocacy
programme must clearly define the roles of the Department of Transport as well
as the provincial Departments of Transport.
Communication material to be used on national and provincial level must
be developed by the Department of Transport.
The various target groups must be clearly defined. These should range from other relevant
government departments, service providers, schools, parents, and local governments.
- The identification and functioning of transitional
structures
The Directorate for Transport Policy
of the Department of Transport must supervise the planning of scholar transport
until such time that a dedicated component within the Department has been
established.
- The implementation of all institutional arrangements
The various Departments of Transport
must coordinate the implementation of the institutional arrangements.
- Identifying subsidy mechanism
The subsidy unit within the
Department of Transport must identify the subsidy mechanism.
- Administration of subsidy
The administration of subsidy must
be undertaken by the Department of Transport subsidy unit.
- The implementation of safety and service standards
In spite of the fact that the safety
and service standards prescribed by this policy will contribute towards a safe
and reliable scholar transport service, objections from stakeholders such as
scholar transport operators, communities, parents, local governments, schools,
and scholars and teachers could be expected.
The smooth implementation of the standards could be ensured through:
- the promotion of school travel plans
- targeted campaigns on scholar transport benefits,
focusing on safety and service
- training and education for scholar transport drivers
- active participation of all stakeholders in the
planning process
- The development and implementation of a national
scholar transport database
Statistical vagueness, resulting
from a lack of information has a limiting affect on determining the effectiveness
of policy implementation. A national
integrated information system is needed to monitor and evaluate the
implementation of the policy on scholar transport and to develop a benchmark to
compare performance. The information in
the national database must be indicated on various levels, from national to
provincial, regional and local levels.
The monitoring and evaluation will be made possible if information
regarding the following is contained in the database:
o
participating scholar transport service providers
o
contract details
o
vehicles used for scholar transport
o
drivers of scholar transport vehicles
o
traffic offences
o
schools participating
o
scholars participating
o
routes (number of routes, location, length, urban/rural,
number of learners per route, etc.)
o
number of scholars cycling
o
number of learners walking
o
penalties (late/early arrival or departure, no trip, etc.)
o
driver misconduct
o
scholar misconduct
o
accidents
o
injuries
o
fatalities
- Formalisation of the scholar transport industry
The Department of Transport must
initiate a process to formalise the scholar transport service industry. The formalisation will ensure that service
providers and drivers comply with all the standards as set out in the policy. The affiliation to a professional body, such
as an Institution for Scholar Transport Service Providers, will assist with the
monitoring of the service levels.
- The development of provincial implementation plans and
strategies
Provinces must develop provincial
scholar transport plans and strategies aligned with the national scholar
transport policy. These plans, after
approval by the MEC, must be submitted to the Department of Transport at
specified times which will allow them to submit the national scholar transport
budget to Treasury on time.
- The development and amendment of legislation
The Department of Transport is
responsible to develop the legal requirements for the implementation
framework. The regulation alterations
are determined by the issues mentioned in the policy statements.
The regulation alterations will be
determined by the statements regarding the following as they appear under
Section 3 of this policy document:
·
Route accessibility and safety
·
Emergency procedures, equipment, training and qualifications
·
Speed limits
·
Vehicle specifications
·
Certification of operators and drivers
·
Curricular and extra-curricular trips
·
Regulations for operators
·
Code of conduct for drivers and passengers
·
Provisions for scholars with disabilities
The Department of Transport is committed to the provision of
safe and reliable scholar transport and in pursuit of the vision for the
provision of scholar transport, the Department seeks to prioritise the policies
contained in this policy document and translates these priorities into
strategies.
APPENDIX 1
List of abbreviations
BBBEE - Broad Based Black Economic
Empowerment
DOT - Department of Transport
IDP - Integrated Development Plan
ITP - Integrated Transport Plan
KM - Kilometres
KPI - Key Performance
Indicator
LDV - Light Delivery Vehicle
MEC - Minister of the Executive
Committee of a Provincial Government
MTCD - Model Tender and Contract
Document
NLTSF -
NLTTA -
PDE - Provincial Department of
Education
PDOT - Provincial Department of
Transport
PDP - Professional Driving Permit
PFMA - Public Finance Management Act
PFMA - Public Finance Management Act
PLTF -
RTMC - Road Traffic Management
Corporation
RTMC - Road Traffic Management
Corporation Act
SASA - South African Schools Act
SGB -
School Governing Body
SMME -
Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises
APPENDIX 2
Glossary
§
Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment – is defined as an integrated and coherent socio-economic
process that directly contributes to the economic transformation of South
Africa and brings about significant increases in the numbers of black people
that manage, own and control the country’s economy, as well as significant
decreases in income inequalities.
§
Contract
- is an
agreement between an authority and an operator regarding the delivery of a
service at an agreed price.
§
Framework
- is an
outline or skeleton which provides the structure and form around which a plan
or policy or strategy is constructed.
§
Goal - a goal is an idealised
end-state of the system or a desired direction of the evolution of the system.
§
Issue - an issue arises in a
national, district or local community when there are conflicting goals and
objectives (desires or perceptions) within the community.
§
Key performance indicator - is a yardstick or standard
established to measure levels of performance and achievement
§
Non-contracted service – is a public transport service other
than one operated in terms of a commercial service contract, subsidised service
contract, current tendered contract, interim contract or concession agreement
§
Objective
- an
objective is a target, the attainment of which will help towards reaching a
stated goal.
§
Policy - a policy is an adopted
framework or basis for the action needed to overcome identified problems and
achieve stated goals and objectives.
§
Problem
- a problem
is an unfulfilled or unattained goal or objective.
§
Public
transport -
is the conveyance of people or freight for reward by any travel mode whether
car, metered taxi, minibus-taxi, bus, tram and light and heavy rail.
§
Roadworthy certificate – is a certificate certifying the
roadworthiness of a motor vehicle in accordance with the requirements of the
Road Traffic Act,1989 (Act No. 29 of 1989);
§
Scheduled service – is a public transport service operated
by road by a motor car, minibus, midibus or bus on a particular route or routes
in accordance with a timetable;
§
Special categories of passengers - means scholars, persons
with disabilities, tourists, transferring long-distance passengers, the aged,
pregnant women and those who are limited in their movements by children with or
without pushchairs or prams
§
Subsidised service contract means an agreement, other than
an interim contract or a current tendered contract, concluded between a
contracting authority and a public transport operator to operate a scheduled
service provided for in a public transport plan and in terms of which the
public
§
Tendered
contract -
the authority to operate a public transport route or network at tendered
contract rates.
§
Vision - a vision is a
commonly-shared foresight of future conditions.
§
Walking school bus - A walking school bus is a group of
children walking to school with one or more adults.
APPENDIX 3
References
Department of
Education (1995). Education White Paper on Education and Training. Government
Printers,
Department of
Education (2003). Plan of Action:
Improving Access to Free and Quality Basic Education for All. Government
Printers,
Department of
Education (2004). An Assessment of 10
Years of Education and Training in
Department of Education. (2001). White
Paper 6: Inclusive Education and Training System. Government Printers,
Department
of Trade and Industry (2000). Preferential
Procurement Framework Act 5 of 2000. Government Printers,
Department of
Transport (1989). Road Traffic Act,1989 (Act No. 29 of 1989). Government Printers,
Department of
Transport (1996). White Paper on National
Transport Policy, Government Printers,
Department of
Transport (1999). Moving
Department of
Transport (2000).
Department of
Transport (2003). National Household
Travel Survey, Technical Report,
Department of
Transport (2004).
Department
of Transport (2006). Model Tender and Contract Document,
Department
of Transport (2007). Public Transport Action Plan,
Motala, E. and Chaka, T. (2004). ‘The Case for Basic Education’. Occasional Paper No. 4. Centre for
Education Policy Development,
Nelson Mandela
Foundation (2005). Emerging Voices: A Report on Education in South African
Rural Communities. Researched for the Nelson Mandela Foundation by the HSRC
and the EPC.